Which of the following is a consequence of increased runoff in urban areas?

In urban areas, increased runoff typically leads to higher levels of pollution in nearby waterways. As rainwater flows over impervious surfaces such as roads and buildings, it gathers a variety of contaminants, including oil, heavy metals, debris, and other pollutants. This urban runoff can carry these substances directly into stormwater drains and, consequently, into rivers, lakes, and oceans, contributing to elevated pollution levels.

The rise in impervious surfaces in urban environments diminishes the natural filtration process that would otherwise occur in soil and vegetative areas, thus preventing these pollutants from being adequately absorbed or broken down before they enter the water system. As a result, the water quality in surrounding aquatic ecosystems declines, posing risks to both human health and wildlife.

A decrease in water flow, improved water clarity, and enhanced groundwater recharge are not direct consequences of increased runoff. In fact, increased runoff can lead to increased water flow, decreased clarity due to the presence of pollutants and sediment, and reduced groundwater recharge since more water is diverted into surface runoff rather than being absorbed into the ground.