What is a consequence of increased impervious surfaces due to urban development?

Increased impervious surfaces, such as roads, parking lots, and buildings, significantly alter the natural water cycle. One of the primary consequences of these surfaces is higher runoff. Unlike natural landscapes where water can infiltrate soil, impervious surfaces prevent this absorption. As a result, rainwater quickly flows across these surfaces, leading to an increase in the volume of water entering storm drains and water bodies.

This higher runoff is a critical factor because it often carries with it pollutants like oil, heavy metals, sediments, and nutrients from fertilizers, which can find their way into rivers, lakes, and streams. This transport of pollutants can degrade water quality, harm aquatic ecosystems, and potentially lead to health hazards for communities relying on these water sources. Additionally, the increase in runoff can overwhelm drainage systems and increase the likelihood of flooding in certain areas.

In summary, the increase in impervious surfaces is tied directly to higher runoff, which contributes to pollution, making this option the correct choice for the given question about urban development and its impact on waterways.